Book of negroes essay

Hill uses effective Imagery to emphasize the fact that often loss Is worse than death itself. This is shown through the book when Amanita loses her parents, her child and her home. These losses are worse than death itself. Malta losing her own parents shows how losing them Is worse than dying herself. Watching her own baa die tears her world apart. She is still alive in this scene, but a little part of her died inside, along with the death of her mother. She might not be physically hurt but mentally, she Is dying.Amanita thinks, â€Å"But another man Intercepted her, raised high a big, thick club and brought It swinging down against he back of her head. Mama dropped. I saw her blood in the moonlight, angry and dark and spilling fast†¦ I struggled against the leash to look back over my shoulder, and saw that Mama was still on the ground, not moving† (26). The use of Imagery Is strong In this scene to emphasize what Malta endures while her baa Is killed. It paints a mental picture in the reader's head of all the emotions being exposed in this scene; fear, angry, and sadness.This part in the novel is an example of visual Imagery, allowing the reader to visualize the event Like they are actually there, seeing your own mother's. In this quote, the use of the words; blood in the moonlight, angry and dark and spilling fast, creates a very vivid picture. These words are striking to the reader and show how much detail there is in this scene, which causes the reader to have empathy for Amanita. Having to watch her own mother die will leave mental scars that will last her whole life.The reader can see that Malta is not severely hurt, but having to go through the pain of witnessing her mother's gruesome death is eating her on the inside. Effective imagery shows the loss of parents is worse than death itself. Malta losing Amanda hinders the fact that loss Is worse than dying herself. Her baby is taken from her without her consent. â€Å"And my baby disappeared into darkness as fast as a falling star†¦ Bring back my baby! I shouted. He laughed in my face. Bring him back! Too late. He's sold. Only got me five pounds†¦I never before wanted to kill a man. But I would have killed Robinson†¦ My heart and my body were screaming for Amanda. But my baby was gone. Sold, sold, sold. Appleby would not say where†¦ Appleby beat me, but I would 1 OFF due to the fact that Amanita wanted to kill Appleby if that is what it took to obtain her baby back. Amanita saying she would have killed Robinson shows how significant losing a child is since it is not like her to wish death upon someone. Hill creates this overwhelming scene to show what Amanita is going through.This scene causes the reader to feel sympathy for Amanita. At the same time, Amanita has already lost her parents and she does not want her baby to lose his. It is difficult enough for parents to send their child off to university or college, let alone having one's child stolen and sold. Having Appleby laugh in Mantis's face as her baby is taken, illustrates how the main Amanita when has inside her is as worse than death. As the reader envisions Appleby beating Amanita for not working, this shows how physical abuse is nothing compared to the pain of losing her son.The loss a child leads to pains that are worse than death. The loss of home causes an individual to feel like death would be easier to deal with. Amanita is captured and taken from her home. Not being able to return home is like having a part dying inside Amanita. â€Å"l knew in that moment that I would never make it back home†¦ I let go of my greatest desire. I would never go back home† (439 – 442). This is as worse as death because losing a home leads to depression and from the effects of depression can lead to death.Hill uses this situation to cause the reader to visualize how Amanita felt as she left her home, the place she grew up her entire life. At the same time, causes the reader to feel empathetic toward Amanita. It pains Amanita to think of having nowhere to go. If she did try to travel back, she would only be sold back to the slave market. People will say there is no place like home, but for Amanita, there is no place to call home anymore. Losing a place to call home is worse than death itself. In conclusion, personal losses have and always will have a huge impact on an individual's life.Hill's use of imagery throughout the novel keeps the reader occupied with visualizing all the losses that affect Amanita and making their own personal connection with every loss that Amanita experiences throughout the novel. The novel shows how personal losses like parents, one's child and home emphasize the fact these losses could be worse than dying. As a person loses things around or a part of them, they start to lose themselves, and once you lose who you are as a person a large piece of who you are dies as well

Standardized Tests Have Been Criticized Education Essay

In California, appraisal of ELLs regularly occurs in order to guarantee that ongoing educational patterns are run intoing the pupils ‘ demands. Both province and local testing are of import because they non merely supply answerability, but besides show student accomplishment. When assessment portfolios are included, schools can place and run into the demands of a diverse pupil population that includes ELLs ( O'Malley & A ; Pierce, 1996 ) . The intent of the portfolio plan must be good established prior to its execution because the portfolio ‘s intent will find what type of work should be included. For illustration, if portfolios are to be used merely for schoolroom appraisal, they may so concentrate in merely one country of linguistic communication development, such as vocabulary. If, nevertheless, the portfolios are meant to demo an ELL ‘s growing in both English and the capable affair countries, so the portfolio should include illustrations of how good an Ell can utilize English in these countries instead than the content itself. For illustration, stuff gathered should demo how good an ELL has learned the scientific discipline vocabulary and semantics needed to understand scientific discipline books, non how good the pupil can execute a specific experiment ( Gomez, 1999 ) . Both the instructor and the pupils should make up one's mind what types of stuff to include in the portfolio. Including the ELL pupil in the decision-making procedure will offer more of a â€Å" buy-in † by the pupil. Furthermore, this will do the whole procedure more student-centered, which will motivate the pupil to take more duty for his or her acquisition. Reading – the appraisal of reading includes a broad assortment of constituents. Both the instructor and the pupil will desire a assortment of pieces of pupil work included. The instructor may desire to include: 1. ) Runing records 2. ) Reading stock lists, and 3. ) Similar steps utilizing ELL text. Cloze exercisings may besides be included that focal point on vocabulary and grammar. Cloze exercisings are particularly of import because they can show how good a pupil can foretell the following word when reading analogues degrees of proficiency ( Gomez, 1999 ) . A pupil might desire to take reading logs, book studies, and reading responses. Both the instructor and the pupil may desire to include storytelling that includes testing. Students must to the full understand that the instructor will be looking for betterment and higher reading proficiency to happen, and this must be apparent in the portfolio from the beginning to the terminal of the appraisal. The usage of rubrics and checklists will help both the pupil and the instructor. The pupil will profit when he or she understands the standards needed to carry through a undertaking, while the instructor will be able to supply more consistent scaling within the schoolroom. Writing – Of all the linguistic communication conventions combined, composing is likely one of the easiest to document in a portfolio scene. All types of authorship, including those that demonstrate grade degree proficiency, can be included in an appraisal portfolio. Furthermore, criterions established through published province models can include non merely drawings and simple linguistic communication exercisings for the early primary classs but besides diaries, essays, and more advanced research documents at the junior and senior high school degrees. Portfolios can be used to demo pupils ‘ growing in composing as their vocabulary matures. In add-on, many civilizations use different methods and signifiers of logic while supplying information and depicting things or state of affairss. This is easy recognized in a pupil ‘s authorship. This is particularly true for ELLs who are literate in their L1. Portfolios can besides measure an ELL ‘s proficiency and apprehension of composing conventions when grammar exercisings, spelling trials, and self-made lexicons are included ( Gomez, 1999 ) . In order to show growing, instructors must include composing samples from the beginning, in-between, and terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. Again, rubrics and checklists should be included to help both the pupil and the instructor. As mentioned earlier, both rubrics and checklists will do outlooks clear for the pupil, while leting the instructor to measure and rate more systematically within the overall schoolroom environment. Talking – Speaking is seldom included in portfolios because many instructors find it hard to recite speech production qualities. In add-on, many might reason that merely qualitative informations, instead than quantitative informations can be gathered to measure address. However, it is still possible to acknowledge growing in talking accomplishments if the instructor has identified speaking/speech ends. The instructor can measure a pupil ‘s address during either a study or presentation given before the category while pupils are working in braces or in a concerted acquisition environment. Again, both rubrics and checklists should be used by the instructor in order to show speech production accomplishments and growing. Listening – For the same grounds as speech production, many instructors exclude listening as an assessable constituent within a portfolio. However, with more easiness than is required for speech production, a instructor can measure hearing accomplishments through more assorted agencies. For illustration, pupils can be called upon to react to an unwritten presentation or narrative. Here pupils would compose the response after holding carefully listened to either a narrative or presentation. In this scenario, a â€Å" whole linguistic communication † attack would be employed to depict the cardinal points heard and understood from a presentation or narrative. Transcripts of treatments between other pupils could besides be included in a pupil ‘s portfolio. The Content Areas – Aside from the inclusion of the linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, instructors can besides profit by including work from the content countries. Teachers can take two attacks for the appraisal and the inclusion of the content countries in a portfolio. First, instructors may be concerned that their ELL pupils are able to use their linguistic communication accomplishments in the content countries. If this were the instance, so instructors should include illustrations that show how good any ELL pupil can utilize English in these countries. Here, instructors would concentrate on how good English is applied across the course of study instead than the content country itself. While many instructors have played down the inclusion of listening accomplishments within a linguistic communication arts portfolio, they would, on the other manus, be concerned their ELL pupils are able to understand unwritten instructions and accounts of math in English. To further this attack, an ELL instructor should teach his or her ELL pupils to take notes during a math instructor ‘s unwritten presentation/explanation of a math job. These notes would be gathered in intervals over clip from the beginning to the terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. On the other manus, and particularly in the upper classs, instructors may desire to concentrate on how good their Ell pupils are able to get the hang constructs in scientific discipline, math, and societal surveies. Rating and appraisal of a portfolio can be much easier in the content countries because there is frequently merely one correct reply in the scientific disciplines and math. Although multiple-choice inquiries often appear on a societal surveies test, frequently a richer apprehension of the topic ‘s content will be required, and consequently, must be displayed in either a short reply or paragraph length response. In this scenario, an ELL pupil will be required to non merely map good in English, but besides get competence in the content countries. Again, this divide between linguistic communication proficiency and capable affair competence narrows as ELL pupils matriculate toward the upper classs. In a math portfolio, pupils can include day-to-day work and undertakings separated over clip. Ideally, day-to-day work should besides demo how word jobs have enhanced problem-solving accomplishments. It is of import that self-assessment be included in a math portfolio. In a scientific discipline portfolio, an ELL pupil should include illustrations of his or her experiments, studies, and undertakings. A image accompanied with a brief account can be substituted whenever a undertaking or experiment is either excessively cumbrous or two lengthy for inclusion in a portfolio. Self-assessment should be used to demo the pupil how they have experienced growing and gained cognition in scientific discipline. Daily work separated overtime should be gathered that demonstrates how cognition has been obtained through a scientific discipline text edition. In a societal surveies portfolio, ELL pupils could follow the same format as they would for both a math and scientific discipline portfolio. They would, nevertheless, supply more written responses to information gathered from text and related articles. Reports and undertakings could besides be included in a societal surveies portfolio. Keep in head, nevertheless, that it is of import that the work be separated into intervals spaced over clip, from the beginning to the terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. By making this, an ELL instructor could break measure his or her pupils ‘ advancement in both the content countries every bit good as in English. As can be seen in a linguistic communication arts portfolio, the usage of rubrics and checklists are every bit of import for usage with content country portfolios. Whether or non an ELL pupil is schooled in a home room ELL category or a â€Å" pull-out † environment, it is still the duty of the ELL instructor to â€Å" shepherd † his or her pupils in both the linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and the content countries. For this ground, it ‘s imperative that ELL instructors retain an unfastened duologue and co-ordinate frequently with the content country instructors.Guidelines for utilizing portfolios.1. ) Determine the goals- ELL instructors and other module members must make up one's mind what types of information demands appraisal. Consequently, the instructors must acknowledge how the information can be provided. 2. ) Design the portfolio – Ell instructors and other module must make up one's mind what types of merchandises to be included in the portfolio. 3. ) Establish marking and rating standards – Both rubrics and checklists must be developed that support the criterions of public presentation, every bit good as promote acquisition and growing. 4. ) Establish and identify undertakings that support criterions and course of study – The ELL instructor and other module must aline assessment undertakings to their province ‘s model for content criterions. 5. ) Establish explicit standards that is student-centered – All stuff within a portfolio must incorporate pupil work that allows for self-assessment and self-reflection. 6. ) Elevate the importance of the portfolio – Students must acknowledge that portfolios represent the incarnation of their surveies. Portfolios should be contained in an attractive, yet lasting folder/binder. Portfolios should be housed in one distinguishable country of the schoolroom, surrounded by attractive, yet formal trim. 7. ) The assemblage and inclusion of stuff – The ELL instructor must denominate certain plants for inclusion in the portfolio. One must maintain in head that stuff should be included in intervals get downing from the beginning to the terminal of the term or school twelvemonth. 8. ) Self-assessment – Students should be able to reflect upon their work in order to place what they have learned, every bit good as what needs redress. Self-assessment should happen upon the completion of a undertaking, every bit good as in intervals in order to uncover growing. 9. ) Parental engagement – Parents must be kept good informed of portfolio assignments. In add-on, parents need to hold full entree to the portfolios contents, every bit good as to the progress/growth that each portfolio shows. Leting the pupils to take their portfolios place could be hazardous due to possible loss and/or harm. For this ground, the instructor must denominate certain yearss within the term or school twelvemonth for parents to physically see their kid ‘s portfolio. An surrogate means for portfolio reappraisal must happen when a parent ‘s agenda conflicts with a category visit. 10. ) Portfolios benefits toward larning and growing – A. ) A tabular array of contents must be included for organisational intents. B. ) A description of pupil advancement as it relates to each assignment ‘s standards, rubrics, and checklists, and this should happen throughout the term or school twelvemonth, marked at regular intervals that reflect the pupils ‘ ongoing phases of learning/growth. ( O'Malley & A ; Pierce, 1996 ; Gomez, 1999 ) Classroom clip and infinite for portfolios Teachers must acknowledge that portfolios follow pupils work, non frailty versa. That is, one should non schedule portfolio work every hebdomad on of any peculiar twenty-four hours. This is obvious for a figure of grounds. First, portfolios are intended to demo growing of larning over a longer period of clip ( term to term, or get downing to stop of school twelvemonth ) . Second, by adding material hebdomadal, both the instructor and the pupil will happen it hard to foreground growing. Third, frequently, blocks of instructions can widen over clip. If a peculiar twenty-four hours has been designated for portfolio work, both the instructor and the pupils might happen themselves halfway through a undertaking, therefore doing it hard to include that undertaking or separate a breakage point. On the other manus, the portfolio would go meaningless if the stuff were gathered indiscriminately. If the portfolios are meant to expose work from merely one category, so both the instructor and the pupils can hold more leeway make up one's minding how to divide and include pupil work. In this type of scenario, adding stuff to the portfolio monthly or quarterly would let growing to be observed. Aside from ongoing trials, monthly and/or quarterly inclusions would show how a pupil is bettering his or her grammatics, vocabulary, and eloquence. A instructor will hold to set his or her instruction calendar in order to conform to external timelines if the school or territory has mandated portfolios ( Gomez, 1999 ) . As mentioned earlier, portfolios should be housed in a peculiar country of the schoolroom, surrounded by attractive, yet formal trim. Attention should be made to curtail entree to portfolios. Students will break appreciate and work more responsibly when importance has been added to the portfolios. The location and design of the portfolio ‘s place should include an facet of formality. Therefore, promoting the portfolio ‘s importance in the eyes of the pupil. Parental engagement with portfolios Parental support and engagement is equivalent to any pupil ‘s acquisition. In respects to parents, all excessively frequently they are left unaware of the portfolios purpose, contents, ends, and ways for supplying appraisal. For this ground, it is imperative that the parents be included in the portfolio procedure ( Hill & A ; Ruptic, 1994 ) . Schools or instructors should denominate peculiar darks within a seven-day timeframe for informal presentations. Merely one dark would be necessary to go to, yet schools could break suit the parents ‘ agenda when offering a presentation on assorted darks within the hebdomad. The presentation should focus on on the intent and ends of the portfolio. Teachers can besides include the advantages, projected results, format, and features of a portfolio. By making this, parents will be better informed of the portfolios intent and procedure. By including parents, pupils will be better able to show the positive effects of their schooling. Parents will besides develop a deeper apprehension of how linguistic communication proficiency and capable affair competency develop over clip through assorted agencies of direction and stuff. Furthermore, parents will appreciate how their kids have developed, and will be more willing to back up a instructor ‘s agencies for direction and appraisal ( Tierney, Carter, & A ; Desai, 1991 ) . Student appraisal of personal portfolios One of the chief advantages of assessment Portfolios is that it promotes student self-evaluation, critical thought, and contemplation. Students, whether general or ELL understand their capablenesss, every bit good as what challenges them. Sadly, all excessively frequently, they are left out in the development of processs and patterns for the appraisal of their acquisition. Often, the patterns and processs that are employed to rate their acquisition rely straight on prescribed information or blink of an eye callback. Seldom do they rate what pupils understand about themselves and their acquisition. Seldom are pupils able to reflect on their acquisition and growing, and rarely are pupils called upon to utilize what they know by showing that growing and apprehension ( AMLE, 1999 ) . Leting pupils to take an active portion in the planning, preparation, and appraisal of the portfolio changes all of the above. Through pupil appraisal, pupils will hold the chance to link and do sense of their work and their acquisition. Students must be able to utilize their accomplishments and cognition, while showing their apprehension of issues and thoughts ( AMLE, 1999 ) . In a pupil led portfolio conference, both the instructor and the parents should sit-back and let the pupil to explicate their acquisition and how the stuff that has been included demonstrates their growing. Both instructors and parents can inquire inquiries, and of class offer counsel to the portfolios organisation, they would, nevertheless, want the pupil to presume full duty and ownership for the portfolio and its contents. Checklists, which will be described subsequently, offer yet another manner for pupils to pull off non merely their acquisition but besides their inclusion of stuff into a portfolio.

A Contrast Between the Reapers Are the Angels by Alden Bell and Salems Lot by Stephen King

A Contrast Between the Reapers Are the Angels by Alden Bell and 'Salem's Lot by Stephen King Rationalizing the Supernatural in Horror Novels Stephen King, often declared the greatest and most successful contemporary horror novelist wrote that, â€Å"the great literature of the supernatural often contains the same ‘let’s slow down and look at the accident’ syndrome.† (King, Nightshift xv). This refers to the guilty fascination readers feel as they are captivated by the gruesome details of horror literature. Both Alden Bells’ The Reapers are the Angels and Stephen King’s own ‘salem’s Lot rely on the phenomenon to create an enthralling story. Most people cannot deny that they feel compelled to admire a tragic wreck that is completely out of the ordinary, and this same instinct makes horror literature, like those mentioned, so successful. When in a car wreck, survivors are concerned with their safety and survival and can’t fully take in the details of the situation. Others who drive by, however, tend to slow down and look at the wreck, because they aren’t in danger and have the mental capacity to look at the details of the wreck. They can consider and comprehend the terrifying accident that happened. Similarly, horror novels allow readers to experience the supernatural and the morbid without being overwhelmed by their own fear, but rather they can inspect and approach the supernatural and morbid rationally. Alden Bell’s novel, The Reapers are the Angels takes place in a world of morbidity. Temple fights for survival in a world that has been mostly taken over by the undead, where â€Å"slugs† or â€Å"meatskins† are hungry for human flesh. She encounters fellow humans, some who help her and some who are enemies, as she moves nomadically throughout the United States. She is distant from characters and rejects living in one home, after the death of her younger brother, Malcolm, who she felt she was solely responsible for. Her world involves constant running and fighting, displaying constant fearlessness as most readers would not survive a day among the undead. Morbid images, involving human flesh, blood and carcasses are a reality for Temple. There are many parts of the horror novel that go into great detail of how a human body is torn apart, something that an ordinary person would never see or experience. One example of this is when part of Temple’s pinky finge r is chopped off, and she is fixing it up again. â€Å"It’s gone just above the first knuckle, a clean cut through the bone that shows as a yellow twig poking through at the end. She uses her other hand to draw the skin up over the end of the bone and pinch it shut like a foreskin†¦ now just run a thread through there a few times and tie it off. It’ll be okay.† (Bell, The Reapers are the Angels Ch. 4) This is situation is really out of the ordinary for most readers, who most likely wouldn’t be able to thread half their finger closed without getting sick. However, Temple’s tone makes this seem like a very normal occurrence. This tone is also expressed when she kills Abraham Todd, thinking, â€Å"Why do the livin and dyin always have to be just half an inch apart? She goes to the desk and takes a ballpoint pen from the drawer and puts the tip of it in his nostril and drives it upward sharp and hard with the heel of her hand to keep him from com ing back.† (Bell, The Reapers are the Angels Ch. 3) Most people aren’t murderers and would be extremely shocked in such a situation; probably too shocked to recount memories or make snarky remarks. Throughout the book, Temple is constantly facing dead bodies and other extremely morbid things, which she describes in great detail to readers. Her responses and feelings during these situations are rational and calm, or at least calmer that any regular person would react. She describes horrifying situations with great detail so that readers can understand and experience the situation; neither Temple nor the reader is too overwhelmed by fear to comprehend the situation of fear. Rather, readers are fascinated by the situation, as Stephen King suggests we do in his forward to Nightshift. ‘salem’s Lot exemplifies the author’s own claim about horror novels. Ben Mears, the main character of the horror novel, is an author staying in his childhood town to research for his new novel. During his stay he makes some friends and attempts to protect the people of the town as they transform into vampires. Without success, he leaves with the one other survivor, leaving the town empty of living humans. The detailed explanations that King uses to describe the morbid occurrences of the story create a novel that captivates readers. One of these occurrences was when Ben staked the vampire of Susan, his girlfriend. â€Å"Death had not put its mark on her. Her face was blushed with color, and her lips, innocent of make-up, were a deep and glowing read. Her forehead was pale but flawless, the skin like cream. Her eyes were closed, and the dark lashes lay snootily against her cheeks†¦ Yet the total impression was not of angelic loveliness but a cold, disconnected beauty.† (King, ‘Salem’s Lot Ch. 14 Pt. 15) The undead are monsters that we expect to appear frightening, but we don’t understand why we would feel frightened by them, until an author like King describes the beauty of a vampire like Susan and we understand why we feel uneasy. Further in the chapter, as Ben is staking her body, â€Å"blood gushed upward from the stake’s point of entry in a bright and astonishing flood, splashing his hands, his shirt, his cheeks. In an instant the cellar was filled with its hot, coppery odor.† This description is fascinating to readers, because in the situation we would not be able to comprehend what was happening, as we would be overwhelmed by fear. When we read about this shocking scene of the story, we experience it without fear distracting us from the details. Readers can slow down the situation and inspect the details of it, similar to how one would slow down to stare at a car wreck. The style and structure of the book itself is filled with extraordinary detail, even though the conclusion of the story is an empty town void of humans. The novel cycles through several different characters’ viewpoints and storylines. When looking at the storyline, many of the details and additional characters would not have actually been necessary in reaching the same conclusion. For example, the story of Dud Rogers, who lived by and maintained the Jerusalem’s Lot’s Town Dump, was described in painful detail. It described his introverted personality, his appreciation of setting the dump on fire, his angry thoughts and his habit of shooting rats (King, ‘Salem’s Lot Ch. 3 Pt. 10). References and connections between Dud and other community members were very rare and insignificant, and his fate was death and rising as a vampire like all the other people of the town, posing the question of whether his role in the book was important. Although it seems rea lly distracting when following the story line, especially because he is only one of many minor characters that each carry their own complicated story and personality, he played a role in the overall effect of the story, along with all of these minor characters. ‘Salem’s Lot is not a story of some individual vampires or even the horrific death of a group of innocent people, but rather how an entire town died. The detail given to characters like Dud contribute to formation of the town. They are important in making readers realize that this is not Ben Mears and his friends’ story, but the story of ‘Salem’s Lot. The detail also contributes to King’s â€Å"slow down and look at the accident† syndrome. With this full understanding of the community, readers can also better comprehend the death of the town. Something so morbid and horrific as the fall of a town to vampires is really irrational and incomprehensible to people, because it is extre mely out of the ordinary and in this case isn’t truly possible. The detail that King’s novel features creates an understandable explanation for this town’s unexplainable and terrifying status, and this is what captures readers. In his forward, King explains why appealing to this obsession with morbidity is effective in attracting readers. Most of our fears are irrational, or the way we approach them is irrational. We know that vampires, zombies and the supernatural do not exist, but we are afraid of them nonetheless. The forward uses an example that most people can relate to; we make sure our entire body is under the covers when we are in bed, in fear of a cold hand reaching out from under the bed, and where this hand may drag us. We can’t comprehend this fear because we feel it despite knowing it is irrational. However, horror novels, like those mentioned, approach these fears in a very rational way, as exemplified by both The Reapers are the Angels and ‘salem’s Lot. The rational descriptions and approaches to supernatural horrors in some horror literature interest readers, because they can finally achieve comprehension of their irrationality. This is fascinating to readers not because they are fascinated by morbidity, death and the supernatural, but because they can understand fears that were previously beyond their understanding. These horror novels are an opportunity for readers to slow down and think about supernatural horrors rationally without being under the influence of their own fear.

Tax burden on the middle class Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tax burden on the middle class - Thesis Example The seemingly unfair rich-poor balance in the state and local taxes has spurred discussions across different economic forums. Such imbalance has contributed immensely to the regressive tax system evident in many states. The tax burden is huge on the middle-class and low-class. The research utilized existing literature to find out whether the middle-class paid more tax than the upper-class and the lower-class taxpayers. Specifically, scholarly journals that had analyzed the topic were critical to the research. Additionally, recent reports from the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy were used in the research. The data is presented in the tables and graphs. The tax systems levy more taxes on the middle-class taxpayers than they do on the upper-class counterparts. A study by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy indicated that many state tax systems tend to charge the low-and middle-income families a higher tax rate than the upper class counterparts. According to the study, the imbalance has contributed to the widening income inequality gap in which the middle and low-income households feel the negative implications of differential taxation rates. The poorest twenty percent of the low-income earners pay approximately 10.9 percent of their income to the local and state taxes (Davis et al 3). Similarly, the middle twenty percent of the US citizens contribute 9.4 percent of their income towards the tax. On the other hand, the rich taxpayers pay a mere 5.4 percent of their income to the local and state taxes (Davis et al 3). Notably, the tax systems burden the middle-class, as well as, the lower class at the expense of the wealthy t axpayers. However, taxation system in California has attempted to balance tax rates among the three classes. In California, the poorest citizens pay 10.5 percent, while the top one percent residents contribute 8.7 percent (Davis et al 21). Nonetheless, the tax rate gap is arguably wide. The

The not so Thankful Thanksgiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The not so Thankful Thanksgiving - Essay Example At around 8 P.M the remnants of the turkey were placed in the refrigerator. From the foregoing description of the activities and the subsequent events that transpired, it is obvious that the Gibsons' and their guests had contracted Enteritis. This is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, accompanied usually by abdominal pain or cramps, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and diarrhoea. (Enteritis). The most common micro-organisms contributing to food borne illnesses associated with turkey are Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus (Onset, Duration, and Symptoms of Food borne Illness). Considering the time of onset and the lab reports of the Gibsons' it is obvious that the organism involved is Salmonella serotype Enteritidis bacterium. The turkey was left at room temperature for 4 hours from 2:00 PM to 6:00 PM. The salmonella bacteria multiplies rapidly in cooked food which is left at room temperature and the cooked turkey becomes unfit for consumption after two hours if it is left at room temperature. (Turkey handling, storage and safety). Also most of the salmonella enteritidis infections do not require much treatment. So the Gibsons were discharged by the hospital after being treated as out patients and hence they went home without any elaborate treatment. The factors

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

English Literature - Essay Example red into a sort of deal with the unidentified warrior (the Green Knight) as the hero accepted his challenge and had stroked the Green Knight and so he should meet the warrior exactly after one year at a Green Chapel so that the Green Knight could return the strike to the hero of the literary piece. The essay identifies the various happenings and the problems that the hero faces as he set out to meet the Green Knight after one year at the stipulated venue. The essay also thrusts upon the moral and personal affects that Sir Gawain faces during his voyage to complete the challenge of the Green Knight. The Green Knight had come to the King’s place on a New Year day and had challenged the court if any one of the courtyards had the courage to strike him. The term of the challenge further specified that the Green Knight would get the opportunity to strike the charge back upon the person who charges him, after one year. The youngest knight of the court, also a near relative of the King, Sir Gawain accepted the challenge. With his one strike, the Green Knight was beheaded but to the sheer amazement of the court and that of Sir Gawain, it was witnessed that the beheaded Green Knight, stands up and picks up his head. He reminds Sir Gawain to meet after one year at Green Chapel and disappears. As the next New Year day approaches, Sir Gawain voyages out for the Green Chapel and on his way he finds a castle owned by Bertilak de Hautdesert and his beautiful wife. The family gets overwhelmed to host such a renowned guest and Sir Gawain stays there for three days as the Green Chapel was only two miles away from the castle. The owner of the castle enters into an agreement with Sir Gawain and it states that during his stay at the castle, they Bertilak de Hautdesert and Sir Gawain would exchange whatever they would earn during the daytime. In the first day, as Bertilak de Hautdesert goes out for hunting, the lady of the castle seduces Sir Gawain though the knight tries to

Best Buy business problem and technology solution Essay

Best Buy business problem and technology solution - Essay Example This paper also details technological solutions to enable and to augment the proposed business solutions to get Best Buy back on its feet financially and strategically. These technological solutions are the use of an ERP system or the enhancement of the existing ERP system to make the supply chain more efficient; and the use of data analytics to better understand buyer behavior and preferences (Crosby, 2014; McIntyre, 2014; Zacks Equity Research, 2014; Google, 2014). Best Buy is a retailer of electronics products for consumers, products for computing and for cellular communications, related products for entertainment, home appliances, and the services that are tied to their merchandise. Best Buy is a multinational concern. Aside from owning physical retail outlets spread out in its key geographic markets, Best Buy also has several web properties as well as call centers. Its e-commerce platforms include The Phone House, Future Shop, Magnolia Audio Video, Geek Squad, Pacific Sales, Best Buy Mobile, Five Star, The Carphone Warehouse, and Best Buy. The company divides its operations as a multinational between the United States market on the one hand, and the international market on the other, with the latter made up of its combined operations in Mexico, Europe, China and Canada. In these different latter markets Best Buy employs different subsets its stable of brands. For instance, in China, Best Buy makes use of its Five Star Brand, while in Europe Best Buy has traction as The Carphone Warehouse, Geek Squad, and The Phone House. The US market is comprised of six product segments or categories, namely mobile telephony and computing, services, electronics for consumers, the appliances segment, entertainment products segment, and the others segment. The entertainment division offerings include digital downloads of media, as well as DVD and CD sales, together with Bluray sales. Services include after sales and

Integration of Third Country Nationals in the EU Essay

Integration of Third Country Nationals in the EU - Essay Example In the last 20 years the issue of migration of third world citizens to the European countries has gained particular importance and the member states of the European Union have shown special concern to the matter. The first such move to address the matter was taken in the early 1990's with the treaty of Amsterdam which was first such move of the European Council taken in order to safeguard the social and political rights of third country nationals within the Europe. Such a move along with the ongoing efforts in trying to curtail the immigration in the Europe and tightening the Immigration and Asylum policies was conceived by many observers a stride towards a new culture that will be tolerant, supportive and nondiscriminatory towards the immigrants. Consequently the European Council met in 1999 and drafted a set of procedures at Tampere that guaranteed political rights and a treatment to the third world citizens that would be analogous to EU nationals. The main aim of the conference was to design an integrated policy for the entire European Union. Despite these efforts to homogenize the policies regarding the assimilation of the third world national a number of imperative decisions regarding the employment and other important economic and social aspects were left with the member states and this marked for the insufficiency of the measures to a great extent. One of the factors underlining the varying responses amongst the Europeans has been the d iscrepancy in the level of exposure to the immigrants. Certain have developed a great deal of deal of acumen regarding the issue through continuous interaction with the immigrant inflow for over a long time as compared to these nations a few of the EU member states have only lately been faced with immigration. This factor has resulted in a wide variety of approaches to find a resolution to the matter. As the percentage of the non-Europeans increases and with the every chance of further enhancement in the number the need for a regulated and uniform effort becomes more than significant. Moreover to eliminate the possible threats of discrimination, social exclusion, xenophobia and racism it is extremely vital to make a concerted effort to develop an effective set of policies and procedures regarding the integration of the third country inhabitants. What is Integration This has been subject that has been dealt with respect to a number of principal subject areas including sociology, mathematics and a number of other sciences. Often it has been defined as a term but very seldom has it been looked upon as a concept. Integration as a concept in the context of this subject has been defined as a dynamic, multidimensional process that incorporates mutual socioeconomic, political, legal and cultural accommodation by all immigrants and residents of Member States of the European Union. The basic aim behind the introduction of the phenomenon is to assimilate a universal culture within Europe and to train the third world nationals in the local language, norms, values and to develop them as a permanent fragment, notwithstanding of the color, of the European Society. Importance of Integration to the EU member states Democracy and equality have been popular slogans of the West in the latter part of the 20th century. Realizing that equal contribution by all parties is at the heart of democracy and that

St. Augustine would suport Dr. Marin Luther King Jr. ideas of civil Essay

St. Augustine would suport Dr. Marin Luther King Jr. ideas of civil disobdience - Essay Example St. Augustine illustrated his interpretation of unjust laws with his argument that the motivations of man, that being lust for authority and self-determination, undermined Gods precepts of morality and social equality. Augustine relates Gods law as that of "supreme reason" to which all men should conform (Evodius and Augustine dialogue), even those leaders who Augustine deems unreasonable for implementing legal systems that defy Gods intentions. Having established St. Augustines comparisons of laws which he considers unjust, that is, those laws which defy Christian values, Augustine promotes the concept of "temporal law" under which civilians often turn over their rights as Gods citizens to corrupted leadership who act for private interests. Moreover, these temporal laws can be changed when they are unjustly established without securing the public good, thus Augustine suggests that Christian values can be considered the supreme reason by which society can justifiably refuse adherence to corrupt laws. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a renowned civil rights activist in the 20th century, further supported the idea of unjust or immoral laws by promoting the necessity for civil disobedience, or a somewhat passive approach to refusing immoral or un-Christian laws, through protest and refusal to comply with any law that destroys the civil liberties of society. Moreover, King was inspired by the Eastern philosophy of utilizing truth and love as an instrument to resist injustice, rather than promoting violence (Smith, 1970). In accordance to Christian beliefs, truth and love became the cornerstone for Kings support for civil disobedience. Dr. King also substantiates the viewpoint of St. Augustine in terms of relating moral law to that of corrupt law, thus both Christianity proponents support the premise that any law which destabilizes Christian morality is a law which cannot be supported by blind compliance. This project is designed to not only

Efficts of Conflict and Conflict Resolution on Women and Children Essay

Efficts of Conflict and Conflict Resolution on Women and Children - Essay Example War has been known to cause massive losses in terms of both lives and property. Traditionally, it was the role of the men to venture into war since they were meant to be protectors of the social units in which they were found. The contemporary armed conflicts have incorporated the contribution of women and children as part of the war forces used against an enemy. But it should be noted that the contribution of women and children is significantly low as compared to the high numbers of men found in war. Both women and women are in most cases left home as the men venture out into war. At the same time the nature of war has changed its course with time from the fight targeting the military functions to that which has increasingly been targeting the civilians- a high percentage of which is made up of the women and the children. The warring factions have also intensified attacks directed against their enemies through physically and sexually abusing women and children as a way of punishing their enemies. In this sense then, the women and children have been the victims of various war consequences that they find themselves torn in between. The overall and most obvious war consequences are the destruction of both lives and property since apparently death toll resulting from war related killings increase. Another common war characteristic is the burning up of property as a way of economically destroying the enemy. There are other war consequences that affect the women and children as well. They include; rapes, psychological disturbances, recruit of the children into the military, maiming and disabling, displacement of masses from their homes, transmission of diseases like the sexually transmitted illnesses, and economic severance among other consequences. Men make the largest number of combatants. It is quite interesting that in times when peace is sought after following a period of war, most of the efforts made by governments and other bodies in the decision making level often address the effects the combatants; attempting to ward them off and trying to disarm them in an attempt to restore peace within the war torn are as. The women and children who in turn make the largest number of the victims are often ignored in peace initiatives. The vulnerability associated with these two groups of people often causes their victimization as the following section indicates. Vulnerability of women The international committee of the Red Cross identifies vulnerability in women as stemming from various phenomena. As a result of their biological characteristics and attention for special needs, some categories of women may be considered as vulnerable. These categories include expectant mothers, nursing mothers or women with maternity cases. All the above categories of vulnerable women have their needs stemming from their specific health, biological or hygiene needs. This can be considered as a form of vulnerability associated with the women folk specifically because only women have the potential of delving into these situations that make them vulnerable. This is facilitated by their reproductive roles of conceiving and giving birth to children. Otherwise the law doesn't recognize grown up women as a group of vulnerable people unless they are in any of the above mentioned categories. The social-cultural beliefs found in a given community often mark the kind of relationships found among the people found within such cultural settings. Most of the

The Magna Carta Essay Example for Free

The Magna Carta Essay The Magna Carta is widely viewed as one if the most important documents in the history of democracy. The Magna Carta was written by a group of people in 13th century England to protect their rights and property against their oppressive king. The document provides specific laws and rules to keep the king from having too much power over the country; this very key document also inspired the American constitution and Bill of Rights. In the stories from the unit A Royal Mess it is easily identifiable why the people of England wanted a document to protect their freedoms and rights. In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, the character Macbeth is an honorable man who becomes a bloodthirsty, power hungry king; he kills for pleasure and without reason. This would be a big reason for the Magna Carta since in the document in article 29 states that â€Å"No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way destroyed, nor will we proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land.† This principle would have eliminated the actions of Macbeth because he as king would not have been able to kill any people without just cause or without a trial for their actions. In the play Macbeth, the thane of Cawdor was killed in battle and King Duncan took his land to give to Macbeth. This would be unjust according to the Magna Carta. The solution to the problem is stated in article 2 where it states that â€Å"If any of our earls or barons, or anyone else holding from us in chief by military service should die, and should his heir be of full age and owe relief, the heir is to have his inheritance for the ancient relief, namely the heir or hairs of an earl for a whole county 100, the heir or heirs of a baron for a whole barony 100 marks, the heir or heirs of a knight for a whole knights fee 100 shillings at most, and he who owes less will give less, according to the ancient custom of (knights’) fees.† This article is basically saying that if a royal owner of land dies the land cannot be taken from his family it must be passed down to his children or given to his wife. In Beowulf, Wiglaf banishes the geats who refuses to help Beowulf fight the dragon. Those geats would have been protected by article 29 of the Magna Carta which says that no man can be exiled from the land without a trial of his actions by judgment of his peers. The Magna Carta is relevant to our culture in the fact that it was the model for the American Constitution. This was the mold for the document that guides our free country still today. We do not need a new Magna Carta because The American Constitution and Bill of Rights are our modern day Magna Carta. Those documents protect our rights as citizens and control our government to keep our president from having to much power. Without the Magna Carta we may have never gotten our American documenst to protect us, the people who live here.

Chaucers Prologue To The Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

Chaucers Prologue To The Canterbury Tales Essay Dave Tagatac English III Dec. 1, 2000 Canterbury Tales Essay #1 In Geoffrey Chaucers Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, there was a Friar to accompany the party traveling to Canterbury. Hubert, as he was called, embodied the traits from which friars were expected to keep their distance. Chaucer is successful in using this white-necked beggar to bring to the readers mind corruption, wealth, greed, and lechery, all hypocritical and immoral characteristics for a man of the church to possess. Although he is a merry man, full of joy and wantonness, these are mere irrelevancies when assessing Huberts value of character as a friar. Throughout Chaucers description of the Friar in the Prologue, Huberts corruption is evident. Probably the Friars greatest evil is suggested early in his description and mentioned several times more. When Hubert would marry a couple, he would give each Of his young women what he could afford her. The sexual connotation of this statement is enforced by the fact that He kept his tippet stuffed with pins for curls, / And pocket-knives, to give to pretty girls. Other evidence of corruption, although not as reprehensible as the defiance of celibacy, includes Huberts failure to befriend the lepers, beggars, and that crew, to whom friars were intended to be nearest. The narrator explains that their lack of money makes their friendship simply a waste of the Friars time. A friar is supposed to be poor, only taking what they need to survive, and giving the rest to those impoverished souls who need it. Hubert, on the other hand, was quite wealthy. I have never known the imbibing of alcohol to be a necessity of life, and yet this friar knew the taverns very well in every town / And every innkeeper and barmaid too. The narrator even states outright that his income came / To more than he laid out. Yet another extraneous possession for a friar was the extravagant dress Hubert wore, as contrasted with the rags friars were expected to don. All of these things demonstrate how the Friar, even when obtaining more than he expected, gave very little to the poor, and kept much for himself. This feeling is continued even augmented upon examination of Huberts greed. Highly beloved and intimate was he / With Country folk within his boundary. As mentioned above, he associated not with the poor, But only with the rich and victual-sellers. Anyone from whom a profit was possible was inherently the Friars friend. This greed is indisputable in light of a final piece of evidence. That is that Hubert would actually pay other friars not to beg in his district. Again, these are actions to be frowned upon in any man, let alone a religiously affiliated one. Finally, Hubert can be shown to be a leach, hanging around those from whom he can get money, and depending on them to support his opulent lifestyle. Although he had no permission to hear confession, this was one way for him to make money, and he did not hesitate to utilize it. He even targeted those who werent so wealthy in a never-ending quest for monetary gain: though a widow mightnt have a shoe / Â ¦ / He got her farthing from her just the same. When people of his district had a dispute, the lecherous Friar was there. Hubert could be found taking advantage of any opportunity he could find to make money honestly, or dishonestly. The Friar was well liked, and had a wonderful singing voice, but his contributions to society ended here. He, through his actions, has shown evidence of corruption, immoral opulence, greed to increase this wealth, and a terrible habit of leaching off others. He was considered a man of the church, but he was far from the piety the title friar conveys.

Market overview for elevator products and services

Market overview for elevator products and services Aggregate global demand for elevator / escalator products and services is projected to increase 5.6% per year through 2009 to more than $20 billion. Fueling gains will be economic recovery and expansion in the mature markets of the developed world, coupled with ongoing industrialization among the less advanced countries of Asia. The world elevator market rose at a relatively healthy pace throughout most of the 1990s in a generally sanguine global macroeconomic climate. Basically strong economic growth in developing countries was briefly interrupted in 1997-1998 by a financial crisis engulfing many East Asian and Latin Americans nations, as well as Russia. Fallout form the crisis continued to adversely impact the elevator market into 1999 and 2000, as trends in the elevator market tend to lag developments in the macro economy by a few years. Subsequently, as the emerging market began to recover, growth in Western Eur0pe and North America was depressed in the wake of the global economic slowdown precipitated in the US, although by 2004 a recovery was apparent in most markets. In the developed world, gains will reflect an expected recovery in office construction, as vacancy rates come down in major global financial centers such as Tokyo and London. Over the long term, development of the residential sector, especially in the largely untapped US market where single-family homes predominate, will also create opportunities, supported by again populations and regulations such as the Americans with Disabilities Act. In Europe, adoption of new EU-wide safety regulations for existing lifts will bolster the modernization/upgrade service segment. The fastest growth is anticipated in the worlds developing regions Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East. In developing countries, market expansion will reflect increased urbanization, as virtually all structures in large third-world cities require elevators. Aftermarket services are also not well established, even in more developed countries such as South Korea and hence offer a sizable potential market which major global suppliers such as OTIS are actively working to develop. China, which has already emerged as the largest global elevator market in unit terms, will continue to log explosive gains, with the genesis of a lucrative service aftermarket bolstering the robust OEM business. Almost half of the increase in passenger and freight elevator unit sales will be attributable to China, where per capita elevator use remains less than 10% of that typical of Western Europe. TABLE III 1 WORLD ELEVATOR MARKET BY REGION (billion dollars) Item 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 World Urban Population (mil persons) 2516 2811 3119 3443 3790 Bldg. Construct Expend (bil 2000$) 2900 3324 4254 5270 6661 $ elevator/urban capita 10 11 12 15 17 $ elevators/000$ construct 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.6 9.9 World Elevator Market 24.9 30.0 38.5 50.5 66.2 North America : 4.0 5.0 5.8 7.4 8.9 United States 3.6 4.5 5.1 6.5 7.8 Canada Mexico 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 Western Europe : 11.7 13.8 16.1 19.3 23.0 Asia/Pacific : 6.5 8.0 12.4 18.4 27.0 China 0.9 1.2 3.5 6.9 12.3 Japan 4.5 5.3 6.4 7.9 9.5 India 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.7 2.5 Other Asia/Pacific 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.7 Other Regions : 2.7 3.2 4.2 5.5 7.4 Latin America 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.9 2.5 Eastern Europe 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.3 3.0 Africa/Midest 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.9 Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. CHART III 1 WORLD ELEVATOR MARKET BY REGION, 2009 ($50.5 billion) Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. 3.1.1 Regional Profile Given the modernized economies, well-developed industrial and commercial sectors, prosperous consumer populations and highly evolved building/nonbuilding construction infrastructures in place throughout the developed world, most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development) countries maintain large markets for elevator/escalator products and services relative to population and size of the economy. These include the US, Western Europe, Japan (the largest global market in value terms, reflecting the countrys aged, urban population and stringent safety standards) and Australia and New Zealand. The nations of Eastern Europe, especially Russia and certain of the other more industrialized states of the former Soviet Union, also comprise markets of some significance, but they tend to be much smaller in both absolute and relative terms than those of the major Western countries. However, the fastest growing markets for elevator products and services are typically found within the developing regions, especially Asia and to a lesser extent Latin America and Africa/Mideast as well. As numerous countries within these regions work to industrialize their economies, they are facing rising infrastructure expansion and modernization requirements, which has led to extensive building construction activity. Another key aspect of the industrialization process in most countries is increasing urbanization, as individuals and households migrate from rural areas to cities to participate in the growing economic opportunities available there. Such dynamics are positively correlated to the development of markets for construction-related products like elevator systems; moreover, as the number of systems installed increases, markets for related maintenance/repair and eventually modernization, services tend to emerge as a matter of course. 3.1.2 Multinational Parameters Trade Flows Like most industries, the elevator business has become increasingly international in scope in recent decades. The physical nature of elevator / escalator system largely, bulky, involving numerous component parts, etc., renders them not easily transportable. In addition, elevator manufacturers often prefer to have local manufacturing capacity, which allows them to better satisfy local requirements (e.g., regulations and standards) and cultivate lucrative aftermarket service relationships. As such, foreign trade per se is not as extensive in the industry as in most durable goods manufacturing businesses. Foreign trade is some what more prevalent in the replacement parts and components segments of the business. However, multinational investment on part of the leading producers (and even a few of the mid-sized and smaller ones) is extremely prevalent. This takes the form of direct ownership of overseas based subsidiaries, manufacturing facilities and other assets and after sales servicing and technical support networks. Moreover, in recent years there has been an effort on the part of major producers such as OTIS and KONE to consolidate their global operations and shift production capacity to lower cost venues in the developing world, which has increased the importance of cross-border trade. As the global elevator industry continues to restructure and consolidate, the home base of operations of the major players is becoming increasingly less relevant to the competitive dynamics of the business, with a handful of multinational companies dominating the business in most geographic areas especially with respect to product manufacturing. The service segment remains considerably most fragmented, but it too is consolidating rapidly. As global companies manufacturer and install their systems in given countries, they have a direct incentive to invest in after sales servicing networks in these countries as well, which is also prompting consolidation in the service segment of the business. Such dynamics are expected to become more rather than less pronounced going forward, as the economics of the business favor large companies with a multinational reach. 3.2 Demand by Product Service Elevators, escalators and related products are used to physically move individuals, freight and sometimes other items from one place to another within a building, facility or some other designated place. The movement occurs either vertically (in the case of elevating and lifting equipment), at an incline (escalators) or horizontally (moving walkways). Elevators and escalators are thus integral components of many types of structures, especially those with multiple floors or levels and/or involving an extensive amount of physical space. Aggregate world demand for elevator products and services is projected to increase 5.6% per year through 2009 to more than $50 billion, an improvement from the 1994-2004 pace. Fueling gains will be an upswing in new system installations, accompanying expected recovery in nonresidential building activity in Japan, Western Europe and the Americas. This will help to offset some slowing in residential building construction, which is an important indicator of elevator demand outside of North America . Preventing faster gains especially on the products die is the high degree of maturity of the elevator / escalator market in the developed world, which has prompted leading vendors to target high growth markets in the Pacific Rim and other developing areas which hold the greatest potential for incremental increases in new installations going forward. Also fueling growth will be technological innovations in letter generation system including microprocessor based controls and sensors, remote monitoring, automated performance and generate further demand, at both the new installation and modernization/upgrade ends of the business. In addition, retrofits to comply with changing building codes and federal mandates will rejuvenate the upgrade/modernization services market, especially in North America and Western Europe. TABLE III 2 WORLD ELEVATOR EQUIPMENT SERVICE MARKET (billion dollars) Item 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Bldg Construct Expend (bil 2000$) 2900 3324 4254 5270 6661 $ elevators/000$ construction 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.6 10.0 World Elevator Market 24.9 30.0 38.5 50.6 66.3 Equipment : 8.8 10.9 15.0 21.2 29.5 Passenger Freight 6.2 7.5 10.2 14.1 19.0 Escalators Moving Walkways 0.8 1.0 1.6 2.6 4.0 Parts Other 1.8 2.4 3.2 4.6 6.6 Services : 16.1 19.1 23.5 29.3 36.8 Installation 2.6 3.2 4.1 5.5 7.3 Modernization Repair 13.4 16.0 19.4 23.8 29.5 Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc CHART III-2 WORLD ELEVATOR EQUIPMENT SERVICE MARKET, 1994-2014 (billion dollars) Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. 3.2.1 Equipment World demand for elevator and escalator products totaled $15 billion in 2004 billion in 2004, accounting for approximately 40% of the total elevator/escalator market. For present purposes, elevator products are defined to include passenger and freight elevators and associated products. Demand is projected to post a 7.1% per annum increase through 2009 to $21.2 billion. Growth will stem from improving cyclical dynamics, in particular a revival in nonresidential construction spending especially in the key office/commercial/lodging and industrial building sectors. Gains will be best for machine room less (MRL) elevators, which will benefit from expansion of the global retail and (especially) transportation sectors. 3.2.2 Passenger Freight Elevators Global demand for passenger and freight elevators is projected to rise 5.7% per annum through 2009 to almost 4,40,000 units, of which over 60% will be the newer machine room less (MRL) type. Along with improving cyclical dynamics and continued secular growth in the developing world, gains will be fueled by increased penetration of less traditional market segments, such as single-family residences. The latter is a key consideration in North America, where single family housing is more prevalent than in Europe and Asia. Even in the latter regions, however, again of the population will create opportunities in the residential segment, as elevators are increasingly designed into low-rise buildings which would previously have relied exclusively on staircases. As a result, the installed base will expand from 7.4 million units in 2004 to 9.2 million in 2009. In value terms, demand for passenger and freight elevators will grow 6.6% per year to $14 billion in 2009. While intense global competition and greater reliance on low footprint units will hold down cost increases, higher fuel and energy costs and the expanding technical complexity of latter generation elevator system, which can be priced at a premium relative to earlier designs, will contribute to price inflation. Passenger and freight elevators, as the name implies, are general purpose lifting systems designed to vertically transport individuals and commodities between different floors or levels within a single building or facility. From a technological standpoint, essentially all modern passenger and freight elevators are either the hydraulic (powered by pressurized liquid) or traction (electric powered) type; the latter can be either geared or gearless. Hydraulic came into prominence during the 1950sm surpassing the geared market which was prominent prior to that time and remain the dominant type in the US. Traditional traction elevators remain in broader use in Europe and Asia, although in Europe they have been widely supplanted by MRLs since the mid 1990s. The newer MRL elevator types incorporate the gears and control into the elevator shaft, rather than a separate machine room, and hence provide greater design flexibility, as well as energy and (in some cases) cost savings. MRLs have made significant inroads in Western Europe and will continue to penetrate North America, Asia and other regions. Moreover, while initially suited only for buildings upto 7 stories, MRLs have not been adapted for use upto about 25 stories, substantially broadening the potential market. TABLE III 3 WORLD PASSENGER FREIGHT ELEVATOR MARKET (million dollars) Item 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 World Elevator Market 24893 30015 38536 50550 66300 % Passenger Freight 24.8 25.1 26.5 27.8 28.6 Passenger/Freight Elevator Market 6175 7532 10220 14050 18950 North America : 665 977 1160 1700 2100 United States 585 873 1000 1480 1800 Canada Mexico 80 104 160 220 300 Western Europe 2155 2645 3125 3940 4850 Asia/Pacific : 2575 2975 4660 6650 9525 China 425 550 1600 2800 4700 Japan 1650 1800 2000 2325 2700 India 220 305 470 745 950 Other Asia/Pacific : 280 320 590 780 1175 Other Regions : 780 935 1275 1760 2475 Latin America 305 360 450 615 840 Eastern Europe 265 275 425 595 825 Africa/Midest 210 300 400 550 810 000$/Unit 31.8 33.0 30.8 32.0 33.0 P/F Elevator Market (000 Units) 194 228 332 439 575 Machine Room 194 203 232 164 100 Machine Room Less 25 100 275 475 % New 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.8 4.9 P/F Elev. Installed Base (000 Units) 5120 6035 7355 9220 11700 Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. Elevator related service revenues are generated when new systems are installed and then subsequently as installed systems are repaired and maintained over their useful lives. Major renovations or upgrades on existing systems are oftern undertaken as well; for present purposes this type of activity is classified under repair/modernization. Not surprisingly given their much larger installed base, elevating/lifting systems account for a substantially higher share of the total service market than escalators and moving walkways, in both the new installation and repair/modernization segments. TABLE III 4 WORLD ELEVATOR SERVICE MARKET BY TYPE (billion dollars) Item 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 World Elevator Market 24893 30015 38536 50550 66300 % Services 64.6 63.7 61.0 58.0 55.5 Elevator Service Market 16.1 19.1 23.5 29.3 36.8 Installation 2.6 3.2 4.1 5.5 7.3 Repair Modernization 13.4 16.0 19.4 23.8 29.5 Repair Maintenance 11.6 13.5 15.8 18.3 21.0 Modernization/Upgrade 1.8 2.5 3.6 5.5 8.5 Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. 3.2.3 Installation World revenues generated from the installation of new elevator/escalators systems are projected to increase 6.1% per year through 2009 to $5.5 billion. Installation revenues will grow somewhat more slowly than will new elevator and escalator equipment demand. This reflects the fact that elevator/escalator vendors have been working aggressively in recent years to lower the installation costs of their system, in orde3r to increase new business volume. TABLE III 5 WORLD ELEVATOR INSTALLATION REVENUES BY REGION (million dollars) Item 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 World Elevator Service Market 16079 19118 23491 29300 36800 % Installations 16.5 16.5 17.4 18.8 19.7 Installation Revenues 2650 3153 4087 5500 7245 North America : 372 484 530 735 880 United States 338 440 464 650 765 Canada Mexico 34 44 66 85 115 Western Europe 963 1162 1350 1670 2020 Asia/Pacific : 1093 1236 1831 2570 3600 China 144 188 563 1025 1725 Japan 752 804 872 990 1120 India 87 126 168 255 345 Other Asia/Pacific : 110 128 228 300 410 Other Regions : 222 271 376 525 745 Latin America 81 97 123 170 235 Eastern Europe 80 86 134 190 265 Africa/Midest 61 88 119 165 245 Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. 3.2.4 Repair Modernization Revenues derived from the provision of repair, maintenance and upgrade/modernization services on existing elevator/escalator system are projected to increase 4.2% per annum through 2009 to $23.8 billion, which compares favorably to longer term historical norms. Repair and maintenance revenues will expand just 3.0% per annum to $18.3 billion in 2009, trailing all other product and service segments. In much of the developing world, maintenance spending is perceived as an unaffordable luxury; building owners and managers tend to wait for an elevator to fail before they will invest in maintenance/repair. However, there is evidence that this is beginning to change as major Western and Japanese elevator companies work to educate their equipment customers about the importance of routine servicing. Service requirements tend to be highest in Japan, where for cultural reasons elevator failures are considered to be unacceptable. As in case of elevator and escalator systems themselves, the provision of related repair/maintenance services has benefited significantly in recent years from the application of a advanced technology. What has become especially prominent of late are computer based monitoring tools that can detect system faults (or even potential faults) and alert service technicians immediately. Repair/maintenance services can be performed on a contract basis, or on an as needed service call basis for building owners and other operators that do not maintain contracts. In addition, there is considerable potential for business activity on the modernization upgrade side of this market, in terms of retrofitting existing systems to be compatible with new building codes, the Americans with Disability Act (in the US), the safety Norm for Existing Lifts 9SNEL-in Western Europe) and other mandates. A number of the leading elevator vendors have in recent years launched modernization packages designed specifically to comply with the requirements of these mandates. Examples include Schindlers SCHINDLER 6200 and KONEs MAXISPACE. The latter allows users to replace a 4 passenger car with a 6 or even 8 passenger lift. More generally, numerous building owners will want to upgrade existing elevator/escalator systems to incorporate the latest technological advances along such parameters as improved safety and enhanced performance and energy efficiency characteristics, and this will provide further momentum to the repair/modernization service market overall. Modernization revenues are forecast to rise 8.8% annually through 2009 to $5.5 billion, making this the fastest growing segment of the elevator business. Modernization projects can range from replacing controls and interior fittings, to installing new doors or other structural components, to incorporating advanced electronics based sensors and monitoring tools, to complete renovations of entire elevator cabs or replacement of escalator stairs. TABLE III 6 WORLD ELEVATOR REPAIR MODERNIZATION REVENUES BY REGION (million dollars) Item 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 World Elevator Service Market 16079 19118 23491 29300 36800 % Repair Modernization 83.5 83.5 82.6 81.2 80.0 Repair Modernization 13429 15965 19404 23800 29450 North America : 2518 2981 3529 4190 5025 United States 2217 2646 3145 3735 4485 Canada Mexico 301 335 384 455 540 Western Europe 7731 8918 10355 12115 14240 Asia/Pacific : 1848 2492 3609 5110 7165 China 55 110 270 645 1350 Japan 1516 1957 2664 3430 4275 India 42 95 210 410 745 Other Asia/Pacific : 235 330 465 625 795 Other Regions : 1332 1574 1911 2385 3020 Latin America 472 554 688 865 1095 Eastern Europe 742 852 983 1180 1445 Africa/Midest 118 168 240 340 480 Source : The Freedonia Group, Inc. 3.3 Demand by Market Elevator related products and services are utilized in a broad array of buildings and facilities featuring multiple floors or levels, as well as in certain single-floor and even non-building type settings. Large, well-trafficked facilities with multiple levels office buildings, institutions such as hospitals and schools, department stores and other retail establishments, hotels and motels, factories and warehouses, etc., tend to be the most intensive users of elevator products and services.

Does Rape Justify Abortion? Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Does Rape Justify Abortion?      Ã‚   Rape is a horrendous crime, leaving a woman in a state of mental, physical, and emotional turmoil. When a woman becomes pregnant as the result of rape (which happens less than 1 percent of the time), abortion will not take away the trauma, the nightmares, the pain -- but it may add to them.    According to a survey conducted by Dr. David Reardon of the Elliot Institute in 1990, the psychological complications of abortion include guilt, nervous disorders, nightmares, and memory loss (over 100 psychiatric reactions in all). Additionally, if there was a pre-existing disordered state (like rape), abortion may cause a worsening of psychological functioning.    Because of problems with our justice system, rapists often walk free without punishment, while the child conceived in rape may suffer the ultimate injustice - death. Abortion supporters have argued for abortion in cases of rape at the expense of the emotional, physical and mental stability of thousands of women, as well as the lives of children.    By the way, in every one of the 56 countries that now have abortion on demand, the initial step taken by abortion-rights activists was the intense lobbying for abortion in the so-called 'hard cases' -- fetal deformity, rape and incest.    The basic question to ask yourself is: "Is there a victim involved in abortion?" There are many who say that there is not, that the preborn child is just a mass of tissue, a part of the woman's body. If this were the case, then no one would have any reason to oppose abortion any more than they would oppose tonsillectomies or appendectomies.    But is that the case? Developments in the science of fetology have given us greater... ... Collins, V. J.   Principles of Anesthesiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Fabiger, 1976. Hamlin, H. "Life or Death by EEG." Journal of the Amedos. Medical A's',, 1W12/84, p. 20. Hooker and Davenport. The Prenatal Origin of Behavior. Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1952. Noonan, "The Experience of Pain, New Perspectives on Human Abortion." N.p.: A1etheia Books, 1981. p.213. Reinis, Stanislaw and Jerome M. Goldman. The Development of the Brain. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1980. Rockwell, P.E.,M.D. Director of Anesthesiology, Leonard Hospital, Troy, NY, U.S. Supreme Court, Markle vs. Abele, 72-56, 72-730, 1972. P.11 The Silent Scream. Cleveland, OH: American Portrait Films, 1984. Tanner, J.M. and G.R. Taylor, Time-Life Books. Growth, New York: Life Science Life, 1965. p.64.

circumstances in make lemonade Essay -- essays research papers

Circumstances   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Circumstances; they rule our lives. One has if not no control, then VERY little control, over their actions when they are placed in harsh circumstances. It is very difficult to break through your surroundings, to beat everyone around you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a quote â€Å"Circumstances rule men and not circumstances.† The idea of this quote, that one doesn’t have control over their turnout when they are placed in harsh circumstances, shows up in other places as well. There is another quote which is similar to this one. The quote is â€Å"Circumstances define us; they force us on one road or another then they punish us for it†. â€Å"Circumstances define us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we are only who the people around us make us out to be. We take after our surroundings. It is hard to stay away from bad things, if all that surrounding us is bad. It is difficult to resist peer pressure. In the novel Make Lemonade, by Virginia Ewer Wolf, LaVaughn wants out. She wants to get away from all of the violence, all the drugs. She wants to get out of where she lives, which is very similar to the projects, some neighborhoods near her ARE the projects, and to go to college. She wants to escape from all of the peer pressure. She understands that she is not capable of becoming the type of woman she wants to be if she never experiencing life outside of her circumstances, life outside of drugs, violence and other things of the sort. Her surroundings, the circumstance...

Mad Cow Disease Journal Entry :: Pesonal Narrative Diary disease Essays

Mad Cow Disease Journal Entry January 6th, 2004 Garden Grove, California Dear Journal, Mother has just gotten back from the grocery store. She's loading up the refrigerator with chicken, fish, and eggs--no red meat once again. Oblivious to the complaints about father saying the risk to human health from Mad Cow Disease is low and that he has got to have his meat. What can I say? A man has got to have his red, red meat. It has only been less than a year since the World Reference Laboratory has confirmed that a cow killed in Alberta, Canada was tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) also known as Mad Cow Disease among the public. But that was not the news that got mother going through red-meat paranoia. This past Christmas, it was found that a cow in Washington of the US of A, was positive for mad cow. If my word dissection is correct, the disease can be broken down to enceph meaning the brain and pathy meaning disease.* Overall, it is a disease that turns the brain into a sponge-like chunk of meat. At first, the only time I have heard of the Mad Cow Disease was in my European History class and it was only a brief sentence that was spoken about it, but boy, what a sentence it was. It seems as though during the 1980s, to save money, Great Britain's ranchers began to feed grounded up dead animals (who have died from disease) to their cattle. Now isn't that disgusting? Not only was it disgusting, but cows are herbivores and basically altering their diet like that caused the Mad Cow Disease to develop. When symptoms of the disease started to show, well, the government banned the use of dead animals as fodder and killed off the cows that were predicted to have Mad Cow. Now, I was thinking to myself, that's not so bad, right? What harm can this disease do? But being one of my bad characteristics, I spoke too soon. This disease has a human form called Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). One of the main forms of getting it is by eating BSE-infected meat from cattle. Are you ready for some bad news? Well, symptoms of the disease include muscle spasms, distorted walking ability, memory problems, having a hard time controlling muscles, etc.

Why Athens Lost the Peloponessian War

â€Å"They were beaten at all points and altogether; all that they suffered was great; they were destroyed as the saying is with total destruction, their fleet, their army; everything was destroyed and few out of many returned home. † (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 481) The Sicilian military campaign of Athens proved to be one of the most disastrous military campaigns in ancient times.The loss of thousands of soldiers and sailors, hundreds of vessels and vast amounts of money from the treasury reduced tremendously the Athenian ability to wage war; however, even in spite of such a loss, Athens was still able to prolong the war for nine more years until the Spartans defeated Athens in 404 B. C. The downfall of Athens came as a result of Spartan military operations, which destroyed the Athenian navy and cut off Athens from the supply of grain from Ionia. The decisive battle at Aegospotami in 405 B. C put an end to the Athenian empire and Athenian military power.There were many r easons for the demise of Athens, ranging from bad leadership and preparation for war to a lack of overall strategic concept for conducting the war against Sparta and its allies. All of these reasons contributed to the downfall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War; however, this paper will focus only on the failure of Athens to execute Pericles’s strategy. Athens lost the Peloponnesian War because of a failure to follow the strategy of Pericles, which ultimately led to reckless expeditions, ill-advised war decisions and loss of allies.Pericles was an Athenian politician and general during the time when tensions between Sparta and Athens were rapidly escalating. The two city-states were constantly feuding over interests and were unable to compromise on several issues such as the siege of Potidaea, Megarian decree, and allowing Aegina become independent. This unwillingness of both sides in turn, pushed the rival poleis into a war against each other, which marked the start of the f irst Peloponnesian War.Before the hostilities began, Pericles laid out a strategy before the council, which if Athens were to follow would lead to a favorable outcome over the Lacedaemonians. The principles of Pericles’ strategy centered on naval warfare, attrition and limited foreign engagements during the time of war. Pericles being a wise strategist and a general knew the strengths and weaknesses of Athens and their opponents Lacedaemonians. Athens could not match the Spartan superiority in the hoplite warfare; however, Athens was capable of destroying Sparta by conducting raids from the sea on Spartan territory.The Athenian maritime fleet became one of the most powerful fleets in the ancient world after the defeat of Persia. The Athenian navy consisted of hundreds of ships and thousands of sailors who over the years gained experience and became second to none in their craft. Their familiarity with the sea allowed Athens to sail anywhere and raise fortification against any enemy in their own land. Such an advantage over the seas prevented Athenian opponents from committing too many resources and soldiers against Athens because of the fear that Athens might strike while they were on an expedition.Furthermore, the domination of the seas allowed Athens to become wealthy from trading with her allies and colonies. The money made abroad combined with the tributes from allies allowed Athens to acquire means for prolonged wars. On the other hand, Sparta in the eyes of Pericles could not afford this luxury and had to fight shorter wars. â€Å"Spartans personally engaged in the cultivation of their land, had no private or public funds, the Peloponnesians are also without experience in long wars across the sea. (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 82) Pericles saw that Sparta can only gain land and money by battle, while Athens had plenty of islands where they received their resources from, which in turn did not require Athens to engage in many battles. In addition , Lacedaemonians were also limited by the type of alliance they were in, where each member had an equal vote. The group had to reach a consensus before they could act, while Athens made decisions and her allies followed. Pericles foresaw that the Peloponnesian League members in their war decisions would press for their own well-being instead of the common good.Therefore, when Athens would attack one of the allies of Sparta, Spartans would be put in a position where they had to choose to either to protect their allies and abandon the attack on Athens, or to continue the attack without support. That was the strategy of Pericles to defeat Lacedaemonians and their allies. By remaining in the city and conducting naval warfare, Athens would eventually reach a favorable outcome against the Spartans. Additionally, for as long as they abstained from new conquest during the war and kept their allies with them they had a good chance in winning the war.Following the death of Pericles in 429 B. C. the Athenian strategy for the war began to change. â€Å"Private ambitions and interests in matters apparently quite foreign to the war, lead them into projects unjust both to themselves and to their allies, projects whose successes would only conduce to the honor and advantage of private persons, and whose failure entailed certain disaster on the country in the war. † (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 126) Personal ambitions and interests were in many cases put before the common good.This change in the strategy was exhibited in many situations and the most prominent was the Sicilian campaign. It was not in Athens’ strategic interest to invade Sicily because the city was still struggling with enemies within their homeland. But, common good and the strategic interest of a polis were overshadowed by eloquent speeches of individuals who promised wealth and expansion of the Athenian Empire as the results of the expeditions. However, these expeditions proved to be more det rimental than beneficial to the city of Athens.The Sicilian campaign is the prime example of unnecessary expedition, which stemmed more from personal ambitions than overall interest of the city. Athens became involved in Sicily because of her alliance with Egesta, which was at war with Selinuntines. The Egestaeans called upon Athens to assist them in war not only because they signed an alliance and belonged to the same Ionian ethnic groups but also because of supposed danger that Syracusans the allies of Selinuntines posed to Athens. Egestaeans persuaded Athenians that if they would not act Syracusans would take over Sicily and than would join the Peloponnesians in attacking Athens.The envoys from Athens were dispatched to survey the situation in Sicily and when they returned Athens decided to join the Egestaeans in the war against Selinuntines and Syracusans. Few Athenians questioned the decision of the council, however, among them was Nicias the general who was leading the expedit ion to Sicily. Nicias argued that the expedition to Sicily would bring Athens more enemies and more problems. Athens needed to focus on the war with the Lacedaemonians and securing the empire they established and not to undertake new conquests. However, his arguments fell on deaf ears and Athens began to prepare for the expedition.Over five thousands hoplites and one hundred triremes were dispatched from Athens to Sicily in 415 B. C. The goal of the expedition was simple, to capture Syracuse, however, Syracuse stood its ground and the Athenian generals requested more soldiers and ships from Athens. Even with the reinforcements, Athens was unable to gain advantage over the Syracusans. The results of the expedition were disastrous and not what the Athenians had expected. Syracuse and their allies, with the help of Spartans were able to stop and later annihilate the Athenians in Sicily.The Athenian failure in Sicily reverberated across the Greek world, which led to more problems for th e Athenians. With the news of the defeat, not only did the enemies of Athens become more emboldened to take actions against Athens but also the Athenian colonies began to revolt which caused Athens both economic and political problems. Athens’ source of strength came from her allies and colonies. They did not only provide Athens with money in a form of tribunes but also supplied her with resources such as wood, silver or food.The Athenian alliance system was set up in such a way that it required everyone to contribute money, ships or men. These contributions were then put to use in the war by Athens. The contributions kept on coming in for as long as Athens could control her allies, however when Athens began to engage in battles and started losing them, the allies revolted. The allies and colonies began to revolt because Athens could no longer proceed with forces against them. Additionally, the treatment by Athens created resentment among the allies and colonies. The allies n o longer saw themselves as equals but as servants to Athens.When Lacedaemonians came through, their city’s majority changed sides because they believed that would receive freedom from by siding with Sparta. The revolutions of allies in many cases were also due to the bad treatment by Athens. After engaging in campaigns, which did not bring back the desired result, Athens pressed her allies for more tribunes and contributions. The poleis which did not want to pay more eventually revolted, than Athens was forced to put down the revolutions with force, which alienated the allies even more. The revolts and losses of allies had a profound impact on Athenian war efforts.Not only did they require Athens to diverge manpower and resources away from the war but also Athens was cut of from tribunes, which they badly needed after the failure in Sicily. â€Å"If you consent not to combine schemes of fresh conquest with the conduct of the war, and will abstain willfully involving yourselv es in other dangers, indeed, I am more afraid of our own blunders than of the enemy’s devices. † (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 85) The leaders of Athens and majority of the Athenian populace did not take the advice of Pericles to heart.Witnessing the destruction of the countryside from inside the Long Walls, many Athenians became enraged with Pericles’s strategy. People like Cleon and Alcibiades who promulgated more offensive and daring plans in the war, became leaders. With their promises of wealth, glory and fame, they were able to persuade Athenians to engage in unneeded expeditions. However, these expeditions only drew the attention away of what was actually needed to end the war. Athens lost the Peloponnesian War because of her failure to follow Pericles’s strategy.Pericles’s strategy stressed the importance of navy and staying within one’s walls which if was adhered to by the Athenians; it would ultimately lead Athens towards a favora ble outcome. However, personal ambitions and interest preceded the common good, which resulted in failed expeditions and policies. These disastrous expeditions in the end were compounded with revolts and losses of allies, which ultimately led to the Athenian downfall. Athens was no longer able to provide manpower and resources to continue the war and ultimately was taken over by Lacedaemonia.

Social Influence, Comformity, Obedience and Compliance

Social invite It refers to our look at to be right. Sometimes, an individual does not know what is the correct carriage for the contingent circumstances. In these cases, the individual will pick up to and copy the behaviour of others (e. g. modeling). The behaviour of others provides entropy on what is the correct thing to do in this situation. There ar three types of kind bring amity respect obedience uniformityConformity involves underdeveloped attitudes, opinions, and behaviors to barrack the attitudes of a specific convention. intimately raft conform to the standard value, excessively called norms, of many multitudeings with knocked out(p) stress and very overmuch without correct knowing that they argon doing so. From an early age, a process of making children conform starts and endures persistently eg. Dont speak to strangers. Conformity is neither easily nor bad. Some tier of conformity is necessary for societies to function. For example, when you stop at a red ignite, you be conform to the law and to the general stopment that for the good and safety of fiat, a red light means stop.You stop, even though nigh of the time there is not a police officer on the dig to enforce the law. All raft end the need to conform and fit in with the need to express their individuality doneout their lives. Some research into birth articulate suggests that the oldest child in a family is more than(prenominal) likely to conform, while later children are more likely to be let non-conformists. However, these studies are open to divergent interpretations and, although pleaseing, should not be considered conclusively true. Young children tend to be the least aware of the theme and hostel set and are the least influenced by the need to conform.However, with more social interactions and more awareness of others, the need to conform grows. Pre-teens and teenagers expression many frees related to conformity. They are pulled in t he midst of the desire to be seen as individuals of uncommon value and the desire to break down to a free radical where they feel secure and accepted. The solvent is that often teens reject conformist to family or general society values, while conforming rigidly to the norms or values of their cranny group. An example of this phenomenon is seen when progeny people join forces gangs. In joining the gang they are rejecting the alliances way of dressing and behaving.Yet to belong to the gang, they must conform to the gangs own ardour of dress, behavior, and speech. Conformity within a group entails members to transfigure their attitudes, perceptions, opinions, behaviours and beliefs in set up to match those of others within the group. In severalise to conform, the group member must attribute individual as having the legitimacy and credibility to run away or influence the groups behaviour. Without this attraction, conformity toward the groups goals will be less prevalen t. The leader has the power to affect interpolate in behaviour or belief towards a groups standards as a result of the groups members who hunt him/her.If key members of a group accept messages more or less how to change behaviour to reduce risky activities such(prenominal) as needle sharing, drinking and driving, and shaky inner behavior, other group members often follow their lead and change their behaviour also. Conformity is tied closely to the issue of match pressure. Although people feel peer pressure their entire lives, green people who are try oning to define themselves are generally most influenced by the values and attitudes of their peers. Adolescents often encourage friends to do or distort things that they themselves are doing in order to fit into to a group.The encouragement groundwork be positive (studying hard to thread good grades) or negative (drinking beer aft(prenominal) the football game). Deciding how much and which groups values to conform to are s tar of the study stresses of adolescence. Trying to conform to the behaviors of a group that go against ones own beliefs in order to be accepted creates a extensive deal of internal conflict and sometimes external conflict with family members and friends from an earlier time. shaping oneself as an individual and developing a constant value system forces young people to confront issues of conformity and non-conformity.This is a major challenge of adolescence. many an(prenominal) studies of young people show that if a someones friends wage in a behavior everything from backside smoking to drinking alcohol to shoplift to sexual activity an adolescent is exceedingly likely to conform to his or her friends behaviors and try these activities. The alternative is for the young person to seek different friends with values more in line with his own. Often, however, the desire to be per centum of a group and the fear of social isolation casts it more appealing to change behaviors t han to seek other friends.Attitudes toward conformity are of particular inte counterpoise in community health, where conformity may influence the willingness of people to engage in activities such as illicit drug use or hazardous sexual activities, or set off them to avoid drug rehabilitation programs. The disposition to conform to a groups values is of interest to outreach workers because social networks may provide a link to reaching and influencing the behavior of a wide range of people convoluted in drug abuse and high-risk sexual activity.If key members of a group accept messages round how to change behavior to reduce risky activities such as needle sharing, drinking and driving, and unsafe sexual behavior, other group members often follow their lead and change their behavior also. Although society tends to focus on teenagers needs to conform and follow fads, and many parents worry about how the desire to conform will influence the decisions their children must make, issue s surrounding conformity continue into adult life.They may be as trivial as choosing the proper habilitate to wear to the office so as not to stand out or as serious as choosing whether to absorb ones children vaccinated against diseases. Finding a keen balance between belonging and organism an individual is a challenge for everyone. Many people who feel as if this arena of their lives is out of balance benefit from desire professional counseling to help them mention a level of conformity that is more comfortable for them When Asch tested individuals alone they do fewer than 1% mistakes and when the same participants were in a group that made errors in feelings, they make more than 33% errors.This indicates that ? We make errors in judgments to fit in with the rest of the group even when we know the judgment is incorrect. ?We rely on others for information about reality, about the validity of our feelings, decisions, behaviour etc. ?We conform because we are unsure of our sagacity and not assertive enough. We conform because we need approval and validation. Compliance The concept of residency is similar to conformity, yet its around different. For abidance to occur within groups, one must adapt his/her actions to another(prenominal)(prenominal)s wishes or rules.Requests for and acts of accordance occur in everyones lives. Simply enquire someone to perform a business is a invite for form. The most rough-and-ready method to gain compliance is through rational persuasion and inspiration. Although this person is asking another to perform a task, he/she is not asking the person to agree or disagree with the task in question. The person requesting the performance of the task is not necessarily attempting to change the others beliefs, but entirely needs or wants the task to be performed. This notion is what sets conformity and compliance apart.The primeval aspect of conformity is that the person existence influenced by the group change his/her attitudes and/or beliefs while the main point of compliance is the achievement of some specified task. Foot-in-the-door proficiency (FITD) is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by startle setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request. because FITD is a two step compliance technique in which an influencer prefaces the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request faithfulness Obedience is the act of following orders without question because they come from a legitimate authority. When someone orders another to perform some action, and the person complies Variables touch on obedience the authority the victim the physical process Milgrams experiment The experiment involve two people one a confederate would play the part of a schoolchild trying to remember different words that they had heard the other person who was the subject played the role of a teacher and gave him the test.He was tol d to shock the student everytime he missed a word. Milgram notion that most people wouldnt shock another human being and especially not all the way up to virulent levels of electricity. As the teachers were told to increase the dosage as they got more answers wrong, he found out that most people would shock their fellow man in this experiment and would be obedient to all the demands made by the instructor since he was the one in a position of authority.